"Racism is a marriage of racist policies and racist ideas that produces and normalizes racial inequities...Racial inequity is when two or more racial groups are not standing on approximately equal footing...A racist policy is any measure that produces or sustains racial inequity between racial groups" (Kendi, 2019, p. 17-18). 

"Individual racism refers to a person’s racist assumptions, beliefs, or behaviors. Individual racism stems from conscious and unconscious bias and is reinforced by structural racism" (Alexander, 2020). "Structural racism is a system, or series of systems, in which institutional practices, laws, policies, social-cultural standards, and socio-political decisions establish and reinforce norms that perpetuate racial group inequities" (Alexander, 2020).